abraham geiger adultery aelia capitolina african jews alexander jannaeus alexander the great aliyah alternative judaism amidah antiochus iv epiphanes antipater the idumaean antisemitism ashkenazi jews augustus baal teshuva movement babylon babylonian captivity batanaea bereavement in judaism bernard revel bible biblical canon blasphemy boethusians book of esther brit milah bukharan jews caesarea maritima catholic encyclopedia christianity christianity and judaism common era conservative judaism council of jamnia crucifixion crypto-judaism cyrus the great destiny deuteronomy diaspora documentary hypothesis dogma egypt essenes europe exegesis exodus free will galilee gemara general jewish labour union general zionists gentile georgian jews god in judaism great commandment greek language hadrian halakha hanina ben hakinai harvard university press hasideans hasidic judaism haskalah hasmonean hebrew language hellenistic greece hellenistic civilization hellenization herod antipas herod archelaus herod the great hillel the elder historical jewish population comparisons history of israel history of ancient israel and judah history of antisemitism history of the jews in australia history of the jews in bosnia and herzegovina history of the jews in canada history of the jews in china history of the jews in england history of the jews in france history of the jews in germany history of the jews in greece history of the jews in hungary history of the jews in india history of the jews in iran history of the jews in iraq history of the jews in italy history of the jews in latin america history of the jews in poland history of the jews in portugal history of the jews in romania history of the jews in russia history of the jews in spain history of the jews in turkey history of the jews in the land of israel history of the jews in the netherlands history of the jews in the united states history of the jews under muslim rule house of hillel house of shammai humanistic judaism idolatry islam and judaism israel italian jews jeremiah jerusalem jerusalem in christianity jerusalem in judaism jesus jew jewish renewal jewish diaspora jewish emancipation jewish ethics jewish ethnic divisions jewish feminism jewish history jewish holiday jewish languages jewish leadership jewish philosophy jewish political movements jewish population jewish principles of faith jewish religious movements jewish services jewish views of marriage jews in the middle ages john hyrcanus josephus judah hanasi judaism judaism by country judas maccabeus judas of galilee judea judeo-arabic languages judeo-aramaic language kabbalah karaite judaism ketuvim khazars kingdom of israel kingdom of judah labor zionism land of israel latin letter and spirit of the law leviticus lists of jews mark antony marriage martyr masada mattathias messiah midrash minhag minuth mishnah mishneh torah mitzvah mizrahi jews monotheism mountain jews murder names of god in judaism new testament orthodox orthodox judaism palestine passover patriarch persecution of jews perushim phasael philosophy politics of israel pompey predestination president prince procurator publius quinctilius varus purim qumran rabbi rabbinic judaism rabbinic literature reconstructionist judaism reform movement in judaism rejection of jesus religious zionism religious festival resurrection of the dead revisionist zionism roman empire roman republic roman senate romaniotes sabbateans sabbath in christianity sadducees salome alexandra samaria sanhedrin schisms among the jews second temple secular jewish culture seleucid empire sephardi jews sermon on the mount shabbat shapur i shavuot shulchan aruch sicarii simon bar kokhba sin sukkot synagogue syria talmud tanakh tannaim tanya targum temple in jerusalem ten lost tribes the holocaust therapeutae timeline of jerusalem timeline of jewish history torah tosefta tzedakah woes of the pharisees world agudath israel yemenite jews yiddish language zadok zionism zohar zvi hirsch chajes