abstraction acoustic phonetics airstream mechanism allophone american sign language arabic language arrernte language articulatory phonetics australian aboriginal sign languages australian english phonology bantu languages british sign language canadian raising chereme chroneme click consonant complementary distribution consonant diphthong distinctive feature edward sapir emic and etic english language ferdinand de saussure finnish language free variation french language generative linguistics grapheme hawaiian language hupa language initial-stress-derived noun international phonetic alphabet italian language japanese language kirshenbaum korean language kru languages language leonard bloomfield list of phonetics topics minimal pair mohawk language morpheme morphophonology morris halle nikolai trubetzkoy noam chomsky operating system orthography phonation phone phoneme phonemic distortion phonemic differentiation phonemic orthography phonology rhotic and non-rhotic accents roman jakobson rotokas language samoan language signwriting sign language spanish language stokoe notation structuralism swahili language tai-kadai languages tlingit language triphone tuvan language underlying representation underspecification viseme vowel vowel harmony web browser wikimedia commons x-sampa