adversarial system arraignment arrest arrest warrant attorney bail bill of attainder civil procedure common law counter-terrorism criminal jurisdiction criminal law criminal procedure defendant detention of suspects england and wales ex post facto law exigent circumstance extradition federal sentencing guidelines felony france grand jury habeas corpus indictment inquisitorial system jury trial knock-and-announce mafia maxi trial miranda warning misdemeanor national institute of justice new orleans nolle prosequi nolo contendere pentito peremptory plea plea presentence investigation presumption of innocence probable cause prosecutor reasonable suspicion right to a fair trial right to silence robert badinter search and seizure search of persons search warrant statute of limitations united states