affirmative defense alternative pleading answer appeal burden of proof california case information statement cause of action certiorari change of venue civil procedure class action complaint counterclaim court cross-claim damages default judgment defendant demurrer diversity jurisdiction doctrines of civil procedure england federal rules of civil procedure forum non conveniens further and better particulars general denial impleader indispensable party injunction interpleader interrogatories involuntary dismissal joinder judgment as a matter of law judgment notwithstanding verdict jurisdiction jury law legal fiction mandamus motion to set aside judgment negative pregnant new york petitioner plaintiff prayer for relief prima facie removal jurisdiction renewed jmol request for admissions respondent service of process subject-matter jurisdiction summary judgment trial de novo united states voir dire voluntary dismissal