agarose gel electrophoresis allele anaerobic organism animal model antibody arithmetic biotechnology buffer solution cetus corporation chain reaction cold spring harbor laboratory complementary dna dna dna footprinting dna ladder dna polymerase dna replication dna sequencing digital object identifier divalent dupont enzyme exponential growth fluorophore forensic science gel electrophoresis gene gene expression genetic engineering helicase-dependent amplification history of polymerase chain reaction hybridization probe in vitro infectious disease inverse polymerase chain reaction journal of molecular biology kary mullis leukemia lymphoma magnesium malignant mammoth manganese molecular biology mummy mycobacterium nobel prize in chemistry northern blot nucleoside nucleotide oligonucleotide parental testing plasmid polony polymerase cycling assembly potassium promega rna real-time polymerase chain reaction recombinant dna restriction digest reverse transcriptase russia snp genotyping scientific american sequencing southern blot taqman taq polymerase thermal cycler thermoelectric cooling thermophile thermus aquaticus tissue culture tsar use of dna in forensic entomology variants of pcr viral load virus wikimedia commons