amoeba antarctica archaea asexual reproduction associated press bacteria bacterial cell structure bacterial conjugation bacterial microcompartment binary fission biological dispersal biological life cycle budding carboxysome carl woese cell membrane cell nucleus cell signaling cell wall chemotaxis chloroplast chromosome circulatory system cytoplasm cytoskeleton cytosol dna digital object identifier endosymbiotic theory eukaryote evolution of multicellularity extremophile flagellin flagellum fossil ftsz gene expression genome glycocalyx greek language habitat horizontal gene transfer hot spring hydrogen sulfide hydrothermal vent inclusions inclusive fitness inorganic compound life on mars mitochondrion monera mreb multicellular organism mycoplasma myxobacteria nanobe national center for biotechnology information nuclear envelope nucleoid organelle organic compound organism oxidative phosphorylation ph photosynthesis planctomycetes plankton plasmid prion programmed cell death protein protobiont public domain quorum sensing rna radiation ribosome scientific american seed spirochaete suffix symbiogenesis temperature thiomargarita namibiensis three-domain system two-empire system vacuole vibrio virus wikimedia commons