adam smith alternative education bilingual education california california master plan for higher education charter school church of scotland compulsory education dropout crisis economy of scale education in scotland education in the united states federal government of the united states fiscal federalism free education germany government history of education in the united states horace mann list of education articles by country managerial state massachusetts bay colony milton friedman normal school office of federal student aid one-to-many parish parliament of scotland parliament of the united kingdom primary school prison private school protestant reformation public school school district school voucher scotland scottish parliament secondary school standardized test state school subdivisions of scotland supreme court of the united states tax the wealth of nations title ix tuition united kingdom united states united states department of education unschooling world war ii writing