abarshahr abbasid caliphate academy of gundishapur achaemenid empire aden adiabene afghanistan africa afsharid dynasty agathias ahura mazda ak koyunlu akkadian empire al-hirah al-mundhir alavids alexander severus alexander the great alexandria amida ammianus marcellinus anahita anatolia ancient egypt angevin empire aniran antioch arab ardashir i ardashir ii ardashir iii aristotle armenia armenians aryan assyria assyrian church of the east assyrians atar aurelius victor avesta axum azarmidokht azerbaijan azerbaijan democratic republic babak babylon backgammon bactria bactria-margiana archaeological complex bahrain bahram chobin bahram i bahram ii bahram iii bahram iv bahram v balash balkh banebshenan banebshen battle of barbalissos battle of callinicum battle of ctesiphon battle of edessa battle of misiche battle of resaena battle of thi qar battle of the bridge bazrangids bedouin belisarius bishapur bistam british empire brocade buddhism bukhara bulgarian empire burzoe buyid dynasty byzantine empire byzantine art caliph caliphate carolingian empire carthaginian empire carus caspian sea caste cataphract caucasia caucasian iberia caucasus central asia chaturanga chess china christianity christology chupanids clibanarii common era constantinople coptic orthodox church of alexandria coptic language council of chalcedon council of ephesus ctesiphon damask daraa democratic republic of afghanistan derbent dhimmi digital object identifier diocletian diyala river djamasp dualism durrani empire dutch empire dvin egypt elam emirate of bukhara empire ethiopian ethiopian empire euphrates eurasian avars european influence in afghanistan exilarch ferdowsi firouzabad first french empire gaius furius sabinius aquila timesitheus galerius galilee gates of alexander german empire ghaznavid empire ghurids gordian iii gorgan government great seljuq empire greater iran greco-bactrian kingdom gujarat gupta empire han dynasty hans holbein the younger harran harun al-rashid hatra hellenistic art hephthalite heraclius herat heretical herodian hinduism history of anatolia history of silk holy roman empire hormizd i hormizd ii hormizd iii hormizd iv hormizd vi hotaki dynasty house of karen hunnic empire iberian union ilkhanate inca empire india indian ocean indian subcontinent indo-sassanid international standard serial number iran iranian revolution iraq isfahan province islam islamic art islamic conquest of persia iwan jalayirids jerusalem jesus jew jewish history jizya jovian judaism judea julian the apostate justin ii justinian i kara koyunlu kartids kartir kavadh i kavadh ii khazars khorasan khosrau i khosrau ii khvarvaran khwarezmian empire kidarites kingdom of armenia kish koine greek kunstmuseum basel kurdish people kushan empire lakhmids late antiquity latin lethe list of kings of persia luoyang magi malatya mali empire mamikonian manichaeism mannaeans maratha empire marzban maurya empire mazdak medes merovingian merv middle ages middle persian ming dynasty mithra mohammed daoud khan monarchy mongol empire mosaic mosul mount khajeh mughal empire muhammad muslim conquests muzaffarids mysticism naqsh-e rustam narseh neo-assyrian empire nestorius nishapur nizami northern wei odaenathus oman onager ottoman empire pahlavi crown pahlavi dynasty pakistan palace of ardashir palmyra pamir mountains panchatantra parthia peasant peroz i persepolis persian empire persian language persian literature philip the arab phocas pirooz ii plato poll tax polo portuguese empire pottery proto-elamite qajar dynasty qin dynasty qing dynasty qissa-i sanjan rashidun reforms of amanullah khan and civil war reigns of nadir shah and zahir shah rhahzadh roman empire roman relations with the parthians and sassanids russian empire safavid dynasty saffarid dynasty samanid dynasty samuel of nehardea sassanid church sassanid architecture sassanid army sassanid music scheherazade sculpture second commonwealth seleucid empire serbian empire seven parthian clans shabuhragan shahin shahnameh shahrbaraz shapur i shapur ii shapur iii silk road simurgh singara siraf sistan sivas slavic peoples sogdian sogdiana song dynasty south arabia spahbod spanish empire squinch state religion sui dynasty susa swedish empire syria syriac orthodox church tabaristan tahirid dynasty tajik tajikistan takht-i-suleiman talmud talmudic academies in babylonia tang dynasty taq-e bostan tarim basin theodosius i theodosius ii theotokos third perso-turkic war tigris timurid dynasty tocharian transoxiana true cross turan turkey turkic peoples turkmenistan tus citadel tylos umayyad caliphate uzbekistan vahriz vice-chancellor vologases vi of parthia western roman empire western turkic khaganate wikimedia commons will durant yazd yazdegerd i yazdegerd ii yazdgerd iii yemen yerevan yuan dynasty zand dynasty zionism ziyarid zoroastrian calendar zoroastrian eschatology zoroastrianism