acton institute antwerp austrian school calvinism casuistry colonialism conimbricenses consensus corporation cost-of-production theory of value council of vienne democracy divine right of kings divine grace domingo de soto dominican order economic liberalism economics england entrepreneur entrepreneurship europe francisco de vitoria free market free will freedom of thought friedrich hayek giovanni botero god heresy human sacrifice humanism idolatry indigenous peoples of the americas infidel interest international law islam ius gentium jean-jacques rousseau jean bodin joseph schumpeter just price labor theory of value liberty loan marjorie grice-hutchinson martin luther middle ages monarchy monopoly morality murray rothbard nation natural law oligarchy omniscience opportunity cost original sin paganism papal bull pelagianism people pope pope clement viii popular sovereignty portugal positive law predestination private law probabilism problem of evil protestant reformation protestantism religion renaissance scholasticism schools of economic thought second scholasticism sin social contract sorbonne soul sovereignty spain spanish inquisition supernatural supply and demand temporal power the angelus theology thomas aquinas thomism time preference tlaxcala university of coimbra university of salamanca usury