agar agriculture alaria esculenta albay algaculture algae arboreal arthritis ascophyllum nodosum benthos biofuel biological classification biomedicine brackish water calcium canada carbonara carrageenan caulerpa charophyta china chlorophyta chondrus crispus cyanobacteria dunaliella salina ecology frond fucoidan fucus goitre holdfast indonesia influenza iodine ireland irish moss japan kelp kelp forest korea laminaria magnesium massachusetts microbiology monostroma new zealand nori nova scotia ocean ogonori otago palmaria palmata paraphyly peru philippines photosynthesis plant pneumatocyst porphyra sargassum scandinavia scotland scytosiphon lomentaria sea lettuce sorus spaghetti spirulina spore sushi taiwan the guardian thyroid tiwi trentepohlia tuberculosis united kingdom vietnam wakame wales