activism administrative detention apartheid legislation in south africa british raj citizenship civil death civil service civil society conscription desegregation discrimination education ghetto benches harassment housing illegal immigration immigration immigration law india israel and the apartheid analogy jim crow laws language leave to remain legal status marriage migrant worker military nationalism nationality nationality law native-born citizen naturalization nuremberg laws pejorative person pillarisation political prisoner polity property racial profiling racial segregation in the united states racism refugee religion religious intolerance religious segregation segregation separate but equal separatism sex segregation and islam sexism social apartheid in brazil social situation in the french suburbs state stateless person statelessness taliban treatment of women union of south africa white australia policy xenophobia