acute accent african french arab arab maghreb union belarus blackboard british empire canada china chinese language computer-assisted language learning critical period hypothesis diacritic education in egypt egypt english language eric lenneberg first language foreign language foreign language influences in english france french language german people grammar harvard university ilr scale immigration india international adoption kyrgyzstan language language attrition language education language transfer lebanon libya lingua franca linguistics moldova monitor theory multilingualism persian gulf post-soviet states psychology relative clause romance languages romania romanian language russian language russophone scandinavia second language acquisition spanish orthography stephen krashen student ukraine uzbekistan vocabulary