abaaq al-khwarazmi ahmed sanjar alp arslan anatolia aq sunqur al-hajib arabic language arslan shah i atabegs of azerbaijan azerbaijan baghdad barkiyaruq battle of manzikert bitumen black sea caspian central asia damascus de casibus virorum illustrium duqaq emir fakhr al-mulk radwan first crusade fritware great seljuq empire greater iran greater khorasan institute of ismaili studies iran jibal kaykaus i kaykaus ii kaykhusraw i kaykhusraw ii kaykhusraw iii kayqubad ii kayqubad iii kazakh steppe kilij arslan i kilij arslan ii kilij arslan iii kilij arslan iv kutalmish mahmud ii of great seljuk mahmud i of great seljuk malik shah i malik shah ii mesud ii middle east muhammad-shah ibn bahram-shah muslim oghuz turks persian language persian literature persianate society punjab region shatranj sultan tehran third crusade toghtekin tughrul tower turkestan turkey turkic peoples turkish language turkmenistan turko-persian tradition tutush i unesco volga river