abu bakr ahl al-bayt al-andalus al-mawardi arabic language caliph constitution of pakistan dictatorship egypt hizb ut-tahrir hosni mubarak iran iranian revolution iraq islam islamic emirate of afghanistan islamic democracy liberal movements within islam majlis al shura morocco oman ottoman caliphate parliament participatory democracy persian language representative democracy revolution sahaba saqifah saudi arabia sayyid qutb secret ballot sharia shura council spain succession to muhammad sultan of oman sura tajik language taliban taqiuddin al-nabhani the election of uthman tribe turkey ummah universal suffrage