aircraft al-andalus alexander the great ancient greece ancient rome arquebus artillery ballista battering ram biological warfare break bunker cannon carthage castle catapult cavalry cruise missile demetrius i of macedon dionysius i of syracuse early thermal weapons fall of constantinople firearm flamethrower fortification france gastraphetes great turkish bombard gunpowder helepolis inventions in medieval islam ladder machine maginot line mangonel mardi bin ali al-tarsusi mechanized infantry medieval warfare military military engineer military history ottoman empire petard plataea railway gun roman empire schwerer gustav sicily siege tower simone martini sparta supergun trebuchet vauban world war i world war ii