active ingredient africa alpha hydroxy acid anal bleaching arbutin asia avobenzone azelaic acid barley bearberry beauty birthmark colonial mentality colorism complexion cortisone depigmentation elizabeth i of england ellagic acid enzyme ferulic acid france geisha glucocorticoid glycolic acid health history of cosmetics hydroquinone hyperpigmentation identity india kojic acid lactic acid laser melanin melanocyte melasma michael jackson pear pomegranate retinoid rye sake self image skin sun tanning sunburn sunscreen titanium dioxide tyrosinase ultraviolet vitamin c vitamin e vitiligo wheat zinc oxide