abraham lincoln achieved status andrew carnegie ascribed status bill clinton canada caste child china confucius cultural capital democracy economic mobility economics france harold gould japan lagging indicator market nordic countries pierre bourdieu political power poverty prime minister of australia prime minister of france prime minister of the united kingdom ramsay macdonald slavery social class social network social status socioeconomic status status attainment steel stratification symbolism transformative asset united kingdom united states university-preparatory school vertical mobility war on drugs wealth wisconsin model