age apparent-time hypothesis applied linguistics basil bernstein code-switching cognitive linguistics communication accommodation comparative linguistics computational linguistics corpus linguistics deborah tannen dell hymes descriptive linguistics dialect dialectology diglossia double negative education emanuel schegloff empathy england etymology gender generative linguistics glottal stop grammar gregory guy historical linguistics history of linguistics interactional sociolinguistics joshua fishman language language acquisition language change language ideology lexical semantics linguistic anthropology linguistic prescription linguistics list of linguists matched-guise test middle class neurolinguistics peter trudgill phonetics phonology pragmatics prestige dialect prototype theory psycholinguistics rapport religion report robin lakoff semantics shana poplack social social class social environment social network society sociocultural linguistics sociohistorical linguistics sociolect sociology of language speech community statistical semantics status structural semantics style-shifting syntax theoretical linguistics unsolved problems in linguistics vernacular vocabulary vowel wiktionary william labov working class