analogy apocope assibilation cluster reduction coarticulation comparative method compensatory lengthening consonant harmony consonant mutation crasis dialect dissimilation distinctive feature elision epenthesis floating tone fortition fricative consonant great vowel shift haplology high german consonant shift i-mutation initial consonant voicing international phonetic alphabet iranian languages l-vocalization language change lenition lexical diffusion lexicon morpheme nasalization neogrammarian oceanic languages palatalization paragoge phoneme phonological change phonology pitch contour prosody rhotacism rotuman language sandhi syncope tittle tone sandhi unicode unpacking velarization vowel breaking vowel harmony