aggregate demand aggregate supply bretton woods system central bank classical dichotomy deflation differential accumulation digital object identifier dilemma economic stagnation edmund phelps employment hansard iain macleod inflation inflation targeting john maynard keynes jonathan nitzan keynesian economics labour productivity milton friedman monetarism monetary policy money supply natural capital natural rate of unemployment new keynesian economics new classical macroeconomics opec online etymology dictionary parliament of the united kingdom paul samuelson paul volcker petroleum phillips curve politician real versus nominal value richard nixon shimshon bichler supply-side economics supply and demand supply shock the economic consequences of the peace unemployment