analytical chemistry apocrypha atom benzene biblical canon biology calculation chemical equilibrium chemical kinetics chemical reaction chemical substance classical element component concentration conservation of mass degrees of freedom density diatomic molecule dimension ecological stoichiometry equivalent weight exothermic reaction extreme value gas constant greek language hydrogen hyperplane ideal gas ideal gas law integer isomer kinematics law of definite proportions law of multiple proportions limiting reagent linear independence mass measurement methylation molar mass molecule nature new testament non-equilibrium thermodynamics nuclear transmutation oxygen periodic table pressure primary standard quantitative rational number reaction mechanism simplex subset system temperature thermodynamic equilibrium thermodynamic free energy thermodynamic variable variable vector space volume