absolute magnitude accelerating universe angular momentum astronomy and astrophysics astrophysical journal asymptotic giant branch binary star blue straggler calcium cambridge university press carbon carbon burning process carbon detonation chandrasekhar limit cobalt convection deflagration detonation digital object identifier electron degeneracy pressure elliptical galaxy flame galaxy globular cluster gravitational binding energy history of supernova observation iron iron peak joule kinetic energy lawrence berkeley national laboratory light curve list of supernova remnants main sequence nasa neutron star new scientist nickel nova nuclear fusion oxygen oxygen burning process pair-instability supernova photon radioactive decay shock wave solar mass speed of light star subgiant subsonic supernova supernova cosmology project supernova nucleosynthesis supernova remnant supernovae in fiction supersonic thermal runaway turbulence tycho brahe type ii supernova type ib and ic supernovae united states national academy of sciences universe variable star white dwarf x-ray