abiogenesis abrahamic religions abundance of the chemical elements accelerating universe adi-buddha age of the universe agni akasha al-birjandi al-ghazali al-kindi al-sijzi albert einstein american association for the advancement of science anaxagoras anaximander anaximenes ancient egypt ancient egyptian religion ancient greece andromeda galaxy angular momentum animal anthropic principle antimatter arche archimedes aristarchus of samos aristotle arno allan penzias aryabhata assyrian astronomy atom atomic nucleus atomic physics atomism atum averroes avicenna aztec mythology boomerang experiment babylon babylonia babylonian astronomy bartel leendert van der waerden baruch spinoza bernhard riemann bhuma devi bible big bang big bang nucleosynthesis big bounce big crunch big rip biology biosphere brahmagupta brahman brahmanda purana buddhism buddhist atomism buddhist philosophy callippus cambridge university press carl charlier casimir effect celestial spheres chaldea chemical element china christiaan huygens christian philosophy christianity cicero classical element cleanthes climate coatlicue comet conservation law conservation of energy constellation contingency continuum cosmic gravitational wave background cosmic inflation cosmic latte cosmic microwave background radiation cosmic neutrino background cosmogony cosmological constant cosmology cosmos creation according to genesis creation myth creator deity curvature dark energy dark matter de divisione naturae democritus density deuterium differentiable manifold digital object identifier dimension early islamic philosophy earth earth science ecology ecosystem ecphantus the pythagorean edwin hubble electric charge electromagnetic radiation electromagnetism electron elementary particle empedocles empirical empirical research energy english language ennead epic poetry esoteric cosmology euclidean geometry evgeny lifshitz evolutionary history of life ex nihilo exchange symmetry execution by burning false vacuum fauna fermion final anthropic principle fine-tuned universe flammarion woodcut flat earth flora force fornax foucault pendulum fractal frequency friedmann equations fundamental interaction fungus future of an expanding universe gaia gaia hypothesis galaxy galaxy formation and evolution galileo galilei gauge boson gauge symmetry general relativity geological history of earth geology geometry george gamow george sarton george smoot giordano bruno god gottfried leibniz gould belt gravitation gravitational constant gravitational singularity graviton harvard university press heat heat death of the universe hecataeus of miletus heliocentrism helium heraclides ponticus heraclitus higgs boson hindu hindu cycle of the universe hindu cosmology hindu philosophy history of earth history of india history of astronomy howstuffworks hubble ultra deep field hydrogen identity of indiscernibles immanuel kant indian astronomy indian philosophy inertia international development interpretation of quantum mechanics introduction to general relativity introduction to quantum mechanics introduction to special relativity isaac newton islam izanagi izanami jainism japanese mythology jean-philippe de cheseaux jeans instability jewish philosophy johann heinrich lambert johannes scotus eriugena john archibald wheeler john philoponus judaism kalam kalevala kanada kardashev scale kelvin kip thorne lambda-cdm model large-scale structure of the cosmos latin lepton leucippus lev landau life light local bubble local group local interstellar cloud logos lorentz transformation lucio russo lucretius mass matter measurement in quantum mechanics medieval philosophy metaphysics metric expansion of space metric tensor microorganism microwave middle ages milky way momentum moon multiverse nammu natura naturans natura naturata natural environment natural law natural philosophy nature neutrino neutron nicolaus copernicus non-standard cosmology norse mythology nous nuclear physics nuclear reaction nucleocosmochronology nucleosynthesis number observable universe observational cosmology old french omega point omniverse on the nature of things orion arm outer space pangu parmenides particle physics path integral formulation penrose-hawking singularity theorems periodic boundary conditions philolaus photon physical constant physical cosmology physical law physics planet plant plasma plate tectonics plutarch prakrti pre-socratic philosophy primum mobile prithvi probability amplitude proton ptah ptolemy pythagoras pythagorean theorem quantum chromodynamics quantum field theory quantum foam quark quasar radio rangi and papa rare earth hypothesis reality reasoning redshift renormalization richard feynman riemann curvature tensor robert woodrow wilson saadia gaon scientific american seleucus of seleucia set shape of the universe simply connected space sloan digital sky survey soap bubble solar system space spacetime special relativity spectral line speed speed of light sphere spherical coordinate system standard model star state university of new york press stephen hawking steven weinberg strabo stress-energy-momentum pseudotensor string theory structure formation structure of the earth sumer sun symmetry tao thales the garden of forking paths theology theory of everything thomas digges tiamat tide time timeline of cosmology timeline of the big bang topology toroid torus type ia supernova udayana ultimate fate of the universe vacuum vacuum energy vaisheshika vayu vedas vera rubin virgo supercluster virtual particle wavelength weather western world wikimedia commons wikiquote wilderness wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe will durant wolfgang rindler world egg world view yang yin ymir zeno of elea zero-point energy