abdul hamid ii adad-nirari ii agglutinative language akkadian language alarodian languages anatolia apadana arab conquest of armenia aramu ararat aras river argishti argishtis i of urartu armenia armenian academy of sciences armenian genocide armenian highland armenian kingdom of cilicia armenian soviet socialist republic armenian hypothesis armenians in the ottoman empire armenians in the persian empire arsacid dynasty of armenia artaxiad dynasty ashkharbek kalantar ashurnasirpal ii assyria astyages austen henry layard bagratuni kingdom of armenia bible black sea blind arch boris piotrovsky byzantine armenia caucasus circassian colchis democratic republic of armenia erebuni fortress etruria euphrates geographica georgian language giorgi melikishvili government greek language hamidian massacres hayasa-azzi herodotus history of anatolia history of armenia hurrian language hurrians hurro-urartian languages igor diakonov indo-european languages iron age jeremiah kingdom of armenia kingdom of commagene kingdom of sophene kirsopp lake lake sevan lake urmia lake van languages of the caucasus manfred korfmann martiros kavoukjian marzpanate period medes medieval armenia menuas of urartu mesopotamia monarchy mount ararat mount nemrut movses khorenatsi nairi orontid dynasty patnos persian empire phrygia prehistoric armenia principality of armenia proto-indo-european language proto-indo-europeans russian armenia ss athenia sarduri i sarduri ii scythians semiramis semitic languages shalmaneser i shalmaneser iii shalmaneser iv shamshi-adad v state religion stepan malkhasyants strabo tabriz teishebaini tiglath-pileser i tuff tukulti-ninurta ii tushpa urartian language vaspurakan vyacheslav ivanov wikimedia commons world war i world war ii xenophon yerevan zakarid armenia