automobile birmingham black flight city cityscape commerce commuter town council house counter urbanization crime depopulation economic restructuring europe eyesore federal housing administration first friday france gentrification glasgow harlem highbridge park hulme industrial revolution inner city interstate highway system jimmy carter liverpool manchester manhattan manufacturing modern ruins mortgage discrimination national housing act nationalism new urbanism new york new york city newcastle upon tyne north america outsourcing planned shrinkage poverty principles of intelligent urbanism real estate redlining robert caro robert moses ronald reagan slum the power broker unemployment unfinished building united kingdom united states urban planning urban renewal urban riots urban sprawl west side highway western europe white flight wikimedia commons wikiquote world war ii xenophobia zanzibar