act utilitarianism allais paradox animal welfare behavioral economics cardinal utility choice modelling coca-cola concave function consequentialism constant elasticity of substitution consumption contract curve convex preferences cumulative prospect theory daniel bernoulli david hume decision theory economics edgeworth box ellsberg paradox enlightened self-interest epicurus eudaimonia expectation utilities expected utility hypothesis exponential utility felicific calculus game theory generalized expected utility goods and services happiness hedonism henry sidgwick if and only if indifference curve jeremy bentham john stuart mill john von neumann lexicographic preferences list of economics topics list of utilitarians marginal utility mere addition paradox microeconomics moral neoclassical economics ordinal utility oskar morgenstern pain paradox of hedonism pareto efficiency perfect rationality peter singer pleasure politics preference preference utilitarianism prospect theory quasilinear utility rational choice theory rights risk aversion risk premium rule utilitarianism social welfare function suffering transferable utility two-level utilitarianism up to usability utilitarianism utility maximization problem utility model utility monster welfare economics william godwin