africa afrikaans alans anglic languages celje crimean gothic danish language dutch language early scots east germanic languages english language extinct language faroese language frisian languages gallaecia german language germanic a-mutation germanic languages germanic philology germanic spirant law germanic strong verb germanic substrate hypothesis germanic umlaut germanic verb germanic weak verb gothic language grammatischer wechsel great vowel shift greenlandic norse hasdingi high german consonant shift history of danish history of german history of swedish history of the english language history of the icelandic language history of the scots language hungarian slovenes hungarian language icelandic language indo-european ablaut indo-european languages ingvaeonic ingvaeonic nasal spirant law language family latin lombardic language middle dutch middle english middle frisian middle high german middle low german middle scots norn language north africa north germanic languages northwest germanic norwegian language old dutch old english old frankish old frisian old gutnish old high german old norse phonological history of the english language portugal prekmurian dialect prekmurje preterite-present verb proto-germanic proto-norse scots language silingi slovenes somogy county spain spanish language swedish language vandals vas county visigoths west germanic gemination west germanic languages yiddish language yola language