arabic numerals beijing dialect book cantonese changsha dialect chen duxiu china chinese character chinese grammar chinese language chinese poetry classical chinese columbia university confucius danzhouhua dungan language gan chinese gaoyang dialect hakka chinese hangzhou dialect historical chinese phonology hu shi huizhou chinese intellectual jin chinese jin shengtan language list of chinese dialects literature lu xun mandarin chinese may fourth movement middle chinese min bei min chinese min dong min nan min zhong ming dynasty nanchang dialect newspaper ningbo dialect northeastern mandarin novel official old chinese pinghua chinese pinyin proto-mandarin punctuation puxian min qian xuantong qin dynasty qing dynasty quzhou dialect shanghainese shaozhou tuhua simplified chinese characters song dynasty southwestern mandarin spoken chinese standard mandarin suzhou dialect taishanese taiwanese mandarin taiwanese minnan tang dynasty the true story of ah q traditional chinese characters varieties of chinese vernacular vocabulary wade-giles wenzhou dialect western world written cantonese written chinese written language wu chinese wuxi dialect xiang chinese yue chinese zhongyuan mandarin zhou dynasty