alphabet apostrophe barnett-chao beijing canada chinese american chinese postal map romanization chinese language chinese language romanisation in singapore chinese name circumflex close-mid back unrounded vowel comparison of chinese romanization systems cyrillization of chinese from wade-giles cyrillization of chinese from pinyin de facto dictionary efeo chinese transcription eh english language foochow romanized french language general chinese given name guangdong romanization gwoyeu romatzyh herbert giles hong kong government cantonese romanisation hyphen jyutping korean language latin latinxua sin wenz legge romanization logogram mandarin phonetic symbols ii mccune-reischauer meyer-wempe middle name nanjing number overseas chinese pinyin pronunciation republic of china romanization romanization of chinese romanization of chinese in the republic of china schwa shanghainese sidney lau romanisation simplified chinese character simplified wade singapore sound spelling in gwoyeu romatzyh standard cantonese standard cantonese pinyin standard mandarin stop consonant syllable syllable rime taiwan textbook thai language thomas francis wade tongyong pinyin traditional chinese character transcription transliteration u vowel word