breech-loading weapon buddhism cannon chiang kai-shek chinese given name chinese nobility confucianism confucius culverin dualism evil huang zongxi imperial examination jiangxi knowledge kumazawa banzan lu jiuyuan mencius mind ming dynasty motoori norinaga neo-confucianism orthodox philosophy pinyin portuguese people posthumous name rationality reason romanization russo-japanese war samurai shinto socrates taiwan takasugi shinsaku toju nakae yangmingshan yuyao zen zhu xi