acid acid rain alpine climate aluminium aluminosilicate arid atmosphere azerbaijan bicarbonate biorhexistasy calcium bicarbonate calcium carbonate calcium chloride carbon dioxide carbonation carbonic acid case hardening of rocks chalcopyrite chalk dartmoor diurnal temperature variation eluvium erosion exfoliation forsterite frost heaving glacier goethite granite haloclasty hematite hydrolysis ice ice age iron iron oxide kaolinite limestone limonite magnesium sulfate mineral mineral hydration moraine moss olivine organic acid orthoclase oxygen ph parent material pedogenesis periglacial podsol qobustan salinity sandstone scree silicate sodium carbonate soil soil production function space weathering spheroidal weathering statue stoichiometry sulfate sulfur dioxide sulfuric acid tafoni talus thermal shock tor water weak acid