afrikaans alemannic german angeln anglic languages anglo-frisian languages anglo-saxons belgium bernard comrie crimean gothic danish language demonstrative dialect dialect continuum dutch language east germanic languages english language faroese language frisian languages gemination german language germanic a-mutation germanic languages germanic philology germanic spirant law germanic strong verb germanic substrate hypothesis germanic umlaut germanic verb germanic weak verb germany gerund gothic language grammatischer wechsel great vowel shift high german consonant shift high german languages highest alemannic german history of danish history of german history of swedish history of the english language history of the icelandic language history of the scots language icelandic language indo-european ablaut indo-european languages ingvaeonic ingvaeonic nasal spirant law irminones istvaeones jastorf culture jutland language language contact limburgish list of west germanic languages lombardic language low franconian languages low german luxembourgish language middle ages middle dutch middle english middle high german middle low german migration period modern language namibia netherlands norn language north germanic languages northern low saxon northwest germanic norwegian language old dutch old frankish old frisian old gutnish old high german old norse phonological history of the english language phonology preterite-present verb proto-germanic proto-norse rhotacism saxony scots language south africa swedish language vandalic language walliser german west germanic gemination yiddish language