ancient rome battle of jena-auerstedt bielefeld bochum brandenburg-prussia charlemagne coat of arms coat of arms of lower saxony coat of arms of north rhine-westphalia congress of vienna dortmund duchy of saxony duchy of westphalia eastphalia enger first french empire free state of lippe gelsenkirchen german language germany hesse iserlohn kingdom of hanover kingdom of prussia kingdom of westphalia latin lippe lippe river lower saxony lutheranism napoleon i of france nationalism north rhine-westphalia peace of westphalia protestant reformation proto-indo-european language province of westphalia prussian army rhine rhine province ruhr saxon wars saxons siegen-wittgenstein treaties of tilsit vassal state westphalian sovereignty widukind world war ii