anachronism anthropic principle aristarchus aristocracy arthur marwick charles darwin charles james fox chronological snobbery classical liberalism commentaries on the laws of england constitution constitutional monarchy cultural pessimism david cannadine david hume ethnocentrism george kitson clark glorious revolution great man theory henry hallam herbert butterfield hero historiography historiography of science james mackintosh liberal democracy lord holland parliament of the united kingdom paul de rapin precursorism progress prose ptolemy reactionary roger scruton tory united kingdom villain whiggery william blackstone william stubbs world war i