acoustic shadow aerodynamics aeronautics air safety airborne wind shear detection and alert system aircraft noise albatross american civil war barotropic battle of iuka boom vang built environment bulletman and bulletgirl cold front convergence zone density downburst dry line dynamic soaring earth ekman layer ekman spiral engineering federal aviation administration friction geopotential height geostrophic wind glider gliding gunshot heat engine high pressure area hodograph humidity insolation jet stream lee waves low level windshear alert system low pressure area meteorology microburst microscale meteorology mountain nexrad noise barrier noise pollution planetary boundary layer pressure refraction roadway noise sail twist sailing sailors sea breeze severe weather shear line speed of sound squall line stationary front surface layer temperature temperature gradient thermal wind thunder thunderstorm tornado tropical cyclogenesis tropical cyclone tropical wave tropics tropopause troposphere turbulence unit vector united states vertical direction weather radar wind wind direction wind engineering wind gradient wind speed wind turbine windward and leeward wingspan