abdus salam alma mater arno allan penzias arthur leonard schawlow bertram brockhouse bonn burton richter cern carlo rubbia claude cohen-tannoudji clifford shull digital object identifier doctorate ernst ruska experimental physics frederick reines georges charpak gerd binnig germany hans geiger hans georg dehmelt hans kopfermann heinrich rohrer henry way kendall herbert kroemer ion trap isotope separation jack kilby jack steinberger james cronin jerome isaac friedman johannes georg bednorz john hasbrouck van vleck kai siegbahn klaus von klitzing martin lewis perl melvin schwartz nevill francis mott nicolaas bloembergen nobel prize in physics north rhine-westphalia nuclear weapon philip warren anderson physicist physics pierre-gilles de gennes pyotr kapitsa robert coleman richardson robert woodrow wilson russell alan hulse saxony sheldon lee glashow simon van der meer steven chu steven weinberg subrahmanyan chandrasekhar technical university of berlin technical university of munich university of bonn university of kiel val logsdon fitch william alfred fowler william daniel phillips wolfgang pauli world war ii zhores alferov