atp-binding cassette transporter acetylation acetylcysteine aldehyde antioxidant benzaldehyde biodegradation bioremediation biotransformation cancer cell membrane chemotherapy cystine detoxification digital object identifier dipeptidase drug interaction drug metabolism electrophile environmental science enzyme enzyme inhibitor gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase glucuronic acid glutathione glutathione s-transferase glycine glyoxalase system hydrophile hydrophobe infectious disease lipid medicine metabolic pathway metabolism methylation methylglyoxal microbial biodegradation microorganism multidrug resistance p-glycoprotein peroxide persistent organic pollutant reactive oxygen species richard tecwyn williams sulfate sulfonic acid transferase transport protein xenobiotic